18, January 2020
Hepatitis D coinfection found in ‘household clusters’ in Cameroon 0
Investigation into the epidemiology of hepatitis D in Cameroon revealed intrahousehold infection and large differences in prevalence between regions, with cases concentrated in forested areas close to the equator, which has been seen in other tropical areas.
“Central Africa has the unfortunate peculiarity of being highly endemic for infection with HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) so that concomitant infections with more than one of these pathogens occur frequently,” Arnaud Fontanet, MD, DrPH, from the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France, and colleagues wrote. “While much attention has been paid to the first three, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of HDV and its interactions with the other blood-borne viruses. Here, we extend [previous work in HCV] to HBV and HDV, and investigate the distribution and risk factors of HDV infection in Cameroon.”
Of the 14,510 participants in the study, 1,621 (11.9%) were positive for HBV surface antigen and 224 of those with HBV were seropositive for HDV. These data led to an estimate of 1,160,799 HBsAG-positive individuals and 122,910 HDV-seropositive individuals in the 15 years to 49 years age group in 2011.
While HDV antibody prevalence did not vary by sex or age, the researchers found variations between regions and ethnic groups. The HDV prevalence was 50% in Sud and 54% in Est, whereas the prevalence ranged between 1% and 19% in the remaining 10 regions (P < .0001). By similar variance, HDV prevalence was 49% among Eastern Bantus and 25% in Southern Bantus, whereas the prevalence ranged between 3% and 8% in the remaining ethnic groups. (P < .0001).
Additionally, the researchers observed a “pronounced South to North gradient” in HDV prevalence, from 28.3% under 4°N down to 4.2% above 9.6° N.
Among the 239 households with at least two individuals with HBV, if HDV seropositivity was randomly distributed across individuals of these households, the expected number of households with at least one case of HDV seropositivity would be 48 (95% CI, 44-50).
However, the observed number was 31, which Fontanet and colleagues noted was significantly lower than expected and suggested an intra-household clustering of cases. Similarly, the observed number of houses with two or more cases of HCV seropositivity was significantly higher than expected by chance, indicating clustering of infected individuals within a household.
“It is noteworthy that in the family with four chronically infected with HBV, all four were co-infected with HDV,” they wrote. “Likewise, of the three families with all three chronically infected with HBV, all three were coinfected with HDV in two families, and two out of three were co-infected with HDV in the remaining.”
Source: Healo.com

























18, January 2020
Britain’s Prince Harry and Meghan to give up royal titles 0
Britain’s Prince Harry and his wife Meghan have agreed to give up their royal titles and stop receiving public funds as part of a settlement with the Queen that lets them spend more private time in Canada.
The announcement from Buckingham Palace on Saturday follows more than a week of intense private talks aimed at managing the fallout of the couple’s shock decision to give up front-line royal duties.
“Following many months of conversations and more recent discussions, I am pleased that together we have found a constructive and supportive way forward for my grandson and his family,” Queen Elizabeth II said in a statement.
“I recognise the challenges they have experienced as a result of intense scrutiny over the last two years and support their wish for a more independent life.”
Her comments referred to battles with the media that prompted Harry and Meghan — known until now as the Duke and Duchess of Sussex — to sue several newspapers over intrusions into their private lives.
A separate statement attributed to Buckingham Palace said “the Sussexes will not use their HRH titles as they are no longer working members of the Royal Family”.
HRH is the acronym for Her Royal Highness.
“As agreed in this new arrangement, they understand that they are required to step back from Royal duties, including official military appointments. They will no longer receive public funds for Royal duties,” the statement said.
The settlement added that the two will also repay £2.4 million ($3.1 million) of taxpayer’s money spent on renovating their Frogmore Cottage home near Windsor Castle.
– ‘Progressive new role’ –
The Palace added that it would not comment on who ends up paying for their security detail in Canada — an issue of intense public debate.
It also failed to mention whether the couple would be allowed to benefit financially from future royalties and franchise fees.
Harry and Meghan are seeking to register the “Sussex Royal” brand as a global trademark for their future enterprises.
The couple are dedicated to environmental causes and are looking to develop their charitable foundation as part of a “progressive” new role.
The queen’s announcement is her second on the royal crisis — dubbed Megxit in honour of Britain’s painful battle over Brexit — ahead of Harry and Meghan’s effective resignation on March 8.
“We have chosen to make a transition this year in starting to carve out a progressive new role within this institution,” the couple said at the time.
“We now plan to balance our time between the United Kingdom and North America.” Meghan then jetted back to Canada and is now their with their son Archie.
Their announcement caught the royal family by surprise and created a media sensation in both Britain and the wider world.
Their treatment by London’s hard-hitting tabloid press and their personal future — as well as questions about longstanding royal traditions — have turned into daily front-page news.
Media reports said Harry would probably join Meghan and Archie on the west coast of Canada this coming week.
Source: AFP